Fever and Acute Illnesses in Children

• 1 week ago

Fever and Acute Illnesses in Children

What Is Fever and Why Does It Occur?

Fever is not a disease, but rather the body’s natural defense mechanism—an immune system reaction to infection. In most cases, it reflects the body’s effort to fight off viruses or bacteria. The brain’s thermostat (hypothalamus) raises the body temperature to make it harder for pathogens to survive and multiply.

In children, fever is most commonly caused by:

• Viral infections (common cold, flu, bronchiolitis, rotavirus)
• Bacterial infections (strep throat, urinary tract infection, pneumonia)
• Post-vaccination immune responses
• Teething (usually mild, <38°C)

Fever is often the first sign of illness—but it must be evaluated alongside other symptoms to determine severity.

What Temperature Is Considered a Fever?

Proper measurement is key to interpreting a child’s temperature accurately. Different methods have different thresholds.

Rectal measurements are most accurate for infants under 12 months. After 1 year, ear or underarm readings are acceptable. Touchless thermometers may vary in accuracy depending on brand and technique.

Fever Severity and Recommended Actions

Remember: the child’s behavior is just as important as the number on the thermometer. A playful child with 39°C may be less concerning than a lethargic child with 38°C.

When Is Fever a Medical Emergency?

Contact a doctor immediately if your child has:

• Fever lasting more than 3 days
• Infants under 6 months with any fever over 38°C (100.4°F)
• Breathing difficulty or chest retractions
• Persistent vomiting, dehydration signs (dry mouth, no urine)
• Drowsiness, confusion, poor responsiveness
• Blue lips or hands, cold extremities
• Stiff neck, seizure, or unexplained rash
• Rapid heart rate or labored breathing during fever

These signs may indicate a serious underlying illness such as sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia.

What Is a Febrile Seizure?

Febrile seizures are convulsions that occur in children between 6 months and 5 years during a rapid rise in body temperature. They are usually brief, harmless, and do not cause brain damage.

What to do:

• Lay the child on their side
• Do not put anything in the mouth
• Time the seizure (if it lasts over 5 minutes, call emergency services)
• Contact your pediatrician afterward for further evaluation

Home Management of Fever

• Keep your child hydrated with breast milk, water, or clear fluids
• Dress them in light clothing
• Maintain room temperature around 22–24°C (71–75°F)
• Use paracetamol or ibuprofen as directed for discomfort or high fever
• Never use aspirin in children
• Lukewarm baths may help—but avoid cold water or alcohol rubs
• Let your child rest, but monitor for signs of deterioration

Pediatric Fever Monitoring with Dr. Ekin Pasinlioğlu

• Detailed evaluation of fever origin and risk level
• Distinction between viral and bacterial infections
• Lab testing and imaging as needed
• Guidance on when antibiotics are required
• Personalized home care and follow-up planning
• Febrile seizure history assessment and prevention counseling