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Infectious Diseases in Childhood
Why Are Infections So Common in Childhood?
During infancy and early childhood, the immune system is still maturing. Children—especially those in daycare or school—are frequently exposed to viruses and bacteria through close contact, shared toys, and underdeveloped hygiene habits.
It’s also normal for toddlers to explore the world by putting things in their mouths and touching their faces, which increases exposure to pathogens. While this might seem alarming, recurrent infections are part of how the immune system “learns” and builds long-term protection.
Most infections are not dangerous and resolve with rest, hydration, and comfort care. However, parents should know which signs require medical attention and when antibiotics or further evaluation are needed.
Most Common Childhood Infections
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI)
These are the most frequent infections in children, often caused by viruses.
- Symptoms: Runny nose, cough, sore throat, mild fever, irritability
- Causes: Rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza
- Treatment: Supportive care (fluids, rest, nasal cleaning). Antibiotics are not needed.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Includes bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Infants under age 2 are particularly vulnerable to bronchiolitis (RSV-related).
- Symptoms: Rapid breathing, chest retractions, high fever, wheezing
- Causes: RSV, influenza (viral) or Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterial)
- Treatment: Inhalation therapy, oxygen support, antibiotics if bacterial
Gastrointestinal Infections
Caused by viruses (like rotavirus) or bacteria (like salmonella, E. coli).
- Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, sometimes fever
- Risk: Dehydration, especially in babies
- Treatment: Oral rehydration, feeding support. Antibiotics only for confirmed bacterial cases.
Rash-Related Viral Infections
Includes measles, rubella, chickenpox, fifth disease, and roseola.
- Symptoms: Fever, rash, irritability, loss of appetite
- Notes: Many are preventable with vaccines
- Treatment: Fever reducers, hydration, soothing creams for itching
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Often underdiagnosed in infants with unexplained fever.
- Symptoms: Fever without a clear cause, discomfort while urinating, lower abdominal pain
- Diagnosis: Urine test and culture
- Treatment: Antibiotics based on culture results
When Are Antibiotics Needed?
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections only. They do not work against viruses—and unnecessary use can cause resistance, gut imbalance, and side effects.
A doctor will determine whether antibiotics are appropriate, based on:
- The child’s symptoms
- Physical examination
- Rapid tests or cultures (e.g., strep test, urine culture)
Never self-prescribe or demand antibiotics “just in case.”
How Can You Protect Your Child from Infections?
- Follow the vaccination schedule: Prevents many serious infections (measles, whooping cough, hepatitis, rotavirus, meningitis)
- Teach proper handwashing: Especially after bathroom use, before meals, and after coming home
- Avoid crowded indoor spaces during outbreaks
- Support immunity through diet: Iron, zinc, probiotics, and vitamins from real food
- Prioritize rest and fresh air: Sleep and clean environments boost resilience
Infection Monitoring with Dr. Ekin Pasinlioğlu
- Thorough evaluation of feverish or symptomatic children
- Differentiation between viral and bacterial illnesses
- Laboratory and imaging support when needed
- Responsible antibiotic decision-making
- Guidance on vaccination-preventable infections
- Immune system evaluation for frequently ill children